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1.
Arq. bras. oftalmol ; 81(3): 188-194, May-June 2018. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-950446

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of prostaglandin antagonists on blood-retinal barrier breakdown induced by anterior segment intraocular simulated surgery. Methods: Rats were randomly assigned to a negative control group, model group, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs prophylactic treatment group, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs treatment group, corticosteroid prophylactic treatment group, and corticosteroid treatment group. Four hours and 48h after modeling, the concentrations of PGE1, PGE2, and PGF2 α in the aqueous humor and vitreous body of the rat model were visualized using ELISA. The integrity of the blood-retinal barrier was quantitatively measured using Evan's blue as a tracer. Results: Four hours after modeling, the concentrations of PGE1, PGE2, and PGF2α in the aqueous humor and vitreous body in the negative control group and the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs prophylactic treatment group were significantly lower than those in the model group. The concentrations of PGE1, PGE2, and PGF2α in the aqueous humor and vitreous body in the corticosteroid prophylactic treatment group were higher than those in the negative control group and the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs prophylactic treatment group. Forty-eight hours after modeling, the concentrations of PGE1, PGE2, and PGF2α in the aqueous humor and vitreous body in the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs prophylactic treatment group, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs treatment group, corticosteroid prophylactic treatment group, and corticosteroid treatment group were lower than those in the model group, but higher than those in the negative group. Retinal Evan's blue leakage in the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs prophylactic treatment group was higher than that in the negative control group, and lower than those in the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs treatment group, corticosteroid prophylactic treatment group, corticosteroid treatment group, and model group. Retinal Evan's blue leakage in the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs treatment group, corticosteroid prophylactic treatment group, and corticosteroid treatment group were lower than those in the model group. Conclusions: This study confirms that prostaglandin antagonists can relieve blood-retinal barrier breakdown in a rat model and that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs prophylactic treatment can achieve better efficacy.


RESUMO Objetivos: Avaliar a eficácia do antagonista de prostaglandinas no rompimento da barreira hemato-retiniana induzida por cirurgia simulada intraocular do segmento anterior. Métodos: Os ratos foram divididos aleatoriamente em grupo controle negativo, grupo modelo, grupo de tratamento profilático com drogas anti-inflamatórias não esteroides, grupo de tratamento com anti-inflamatórias não esteroides, grupo de tratamento profilático com corticosteroides e grupo de tratamento com corticosteroides. Quatro e 48h após a modelagem, as concentrações de PGE1, PGE2 e PGF2 α no humor aquoso e no corpo vítreo em modelo em ratos foram detectadas através de Elisa. A integridade da barreira hemato-retiniana foi quantitativamente mensurada utilizando o azul de Evans como marcador. Resultados: Quatro horas após a modelagem, as concentrações de PGE1, PGE2 e PGF2α no humor aquoso e no corpo vítreo no grupo controle negativo e no grupo de tratamento profilático com anti-inflamatórias não esteroides foram significativamente menores do que as do grupo modelo. As concentrações de PGE1, PGE2 e PGF2α no humor aquoso e no corpo vítreo no grupo de tratamento profilático com corticosteroides foram maiores do que as observadas no grupo controle negativo e no grupo de tratamento profilático com anti-inflamatórias não esteroides. 48h após a modelagem, as concentrações de PGE1, PGE2 e PGF2α no humor aquoso e no corpo vítreo no grupo de tratamento profilático com anti-inflamatórias não esteroides, no grupo de tratamento com anti-inflamatórias não esteroides, no grupo de tratamento profilático com corticosteroides e no grupo de tratamento com corticosteroides foram menores do que as observadas no grupo modelo e maiores que as observadas no grupo negativo. O extravasamento retinal de azul de Evans no grupo de tratamento profilático com anti-inflamatórias não esteroides foi maior que no grupo controle negativo e menor que nos grupos de tratamento com anti-inflamatórias não esteroides, de tratamento profilático com corticosteroides, de tratamento com corticosteroides e no grupo modelo. O extravasamento retinal de azul de Evans observado nos grupos de tratamento com anti-inflamatórias não esteroides, de tratamento profilático com corticosteroides e de tratamento com corticosteroides foi inferior ao observado no grupo modelo. Conclusões: Este estudo valida que o antagonista das prostaglandinas pode aliviar a ruptura da barreira hemato-retiniana em um modelo em ratos e que o tratamento profilático com anti-inflamatórias não esteroides pode alcançar melhor eficácia.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Rats , Aqueous Humor/drug effects , Prostaglandin Antagonists/administration & dosage , Blood-Retinal Barrier/drug effects , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage , Anterior Eye Segment/surgery , Time Factors , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Case-Control Studies , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Models, Animal
2.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 50(7): e5901, 2017. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-951703

ABSTRACT

We aimed to quantify the penetration of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and moxifloxacin into the cornea and aqueous humor of cadaver eyes. A total of 60 enucleated eyes, not eligible for corneal transplantation, were divided into three groups and immersed in commercial solutions of 0.3% ciprofloxacin, 0.3% ofloxacin, or 0.5% moxifloxacin for 10 min. Whole corneas and samples of aqueous humor were then harvested and frozen, and drug concentrations analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The mean corneal concentration of moxifloxacin was twice as high as ofloxacin, and the latter was twice as high as ciprofloxacin. The mean concentration of moxifloxacin in the aqueous humor was four times higher than the other antibiotics, and the mean concentrations of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin were statistically similar. The amount of drug that penetrated the anterior chamber after a 10-min immersion was far below the safe limit of endothelial toxicity of each preparation. Moxifloxacin demonstrated far superior penetration into the cornea and anterior chamber of cadaver eyes compared to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. One should not expect endothelial toxicity with the commercial eye drops of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and moxifloxacin that reach the anterior chamber through the cornea.


Subject(s)
Humans , Aqueous Humor/drug effects , Ofloxacin/pharmacokinetics , Ciprofloxacin/pharmacokinetics , Cornea/drug effects , Fluoroquinolones/pharmacokinetics , Cadaver , Eye Enucleation , Bayes Theorem , Moxifloxacin
3.
Arq. bras. oftalmol ; 78(6): 371-375, Nov.-Dec. 2015. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-768171

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the effects of 1% morphine instillation on clinical parameters, aqueous humor turbidity, and expression levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in rabbits with endotoxin-induced experimental uveitis. Methods: Twenty four New Zealand white rabbits were divided into four groups (n=6 each): control (CG), morphine (MG), naloxone (NG), and morphine-naloxone (MNG) groups. Under dissociative anesthesia, 0.1 mL of solution containing 0.2 µg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin from the Salmonella typhimurium cell wall was injected in the vitreous chamber. Clinical evaluations (conjunctical hyperemia, chemosis blepharospasm, and ocular discharge) and laser flaremetry were performed before (baseline), and 10 and 20 hours after induction of uveitis. Rabbits were subsequently euthanized and eyes were enucleated to quantify expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1 beta, PGE2, and MPO. Results: No significant differences in clinical parameters and flare values were observed between the study groups. TNF-α and IL-1 beta levels increased significantly in the CG, MG, NG, and MNG groups compared to baseline (P<0.05). Significant differences in PGE2 levels were observed between the MG and NMG groups (P<0.05). A trend toward increased MPO activity was observed in response to uveitis induction; however, this trend did not reach statistical significance (P>0.05). Conclusions: Morphine has no effect on clinical parameters, flare, or expression levels of inflammatory mediators in a rabbit model of uveitis induced by intravitreal injection of LPS.


RESUMO Objetivo: Estudaram-se os efeitos da instilação de morfina 1% sobre parâmetros clínicos, turbidez do humor aquoso e expressão de fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-alfa), de interleucina-1 beta (IL-1beta), de prostaglandina E2 (PGE2) e de mieloperoxidase (MPO), em olhos de coelhos com uveíte induzida por endotoxina. Material e Métodos: Vinte e quatro coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia Branco foram distribuídos em quatro grupos (n=6, em cada): grupo controle (GC), morfina (GM), naloxona (GN) e morfina-naloxona (GMN). Sob anestesia dissociativa, injetou-se 0,1 mL de solução contendo 0,2 µg de lipossacarídeo (LPS) endotóxico da parede celular de Salmonella typhimurium na câmara vítrea. Realizou-se avaliação clínica (hiperemia conjuntival, quemose, blefaroespasmo e secreção ocular) e a flaremetria a “laser” antes (basal) e após 10 e 20 horas da indução da uveíte. No final, os coelhos foram submetidos à eutanásia e os olhos com uveíte foram enucleados para a quantificação dos níveis de TNF-alfa, IL-1 beta, PGE2 e MPO. Diferenças foram consideradas significativas quando p<0,05. Resultados: Os grupos da pesquisa não diferiram quanto aos parâmetros clínicos e os valores de “flare”. Observou-se elevação significativa nos níveis de TNF-alfa e de IL-1 beta, comparativamente ao basal, nos grupos GC, GM, GN e GMN (p<0,05). Valores de PGE2 variaram entre os grupos GM e GNM (p<0,05). A atividade de MPO aumentou após a indução da uveíte, porém, sem significância estatística (p>0,05). Conclusões: A morfina não atuou sobre parâmetros clínicos, “flare” e expressão dos mediadores inflamatórios estudados, quando instilada em olhos de coelhos com uveíte induzida por injeção intravítrea de LPS.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rabbits , Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology , Dinoprostone/analysis , Interleukin-1beta/analysis , Morphine/pharmacology , Peroxidase/analysis , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/analysis , Uveitis/drug therapy , Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use , Aqueous Humor/drug effects , Disease Models, Animal , Endotoxins , Instillation, Drug , Morphine/therapeutic use , Reference Values , Reproducibility of Results , Time Factors , Uvea/drug effects , Uvea/pathology , Uveitis/etiology , Uveitis/pathology
4.
Arq. bras. oftalmol ; 78(6): 388-391, Nov.-Dec. 2015. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-768176

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy characterized by the loss of ganglion cells and their axons. A major risk factor for glaucomatous visual field loss is elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), and several studies have shown that lowering IOP reduces the risk of glaucomatous progression. Currently, an increasing number of researches involve Rho kinase inhibitors, which are a new pharmacological class of hypotensive agents specifically targeting the diseased trabecular outflow pathway. Rho kinase inhibitors reduce IOP by increasing aqueous humor drainage through the primary outflow pathway in the eye, which is known as the trabecular meshwork. In addition to improving the outflow facility of the trabecular meshwork, Rho kinase inhibitors also enhance retinal ganglion cell survival after ischemic injury and increase ocular blood flow.


RESUMO Glaucoma é uma neuropatia óptica progressiva, caracterizada pela perda de células ganglionares e seus axônios. O principal fator de risco que leva à perda de campo visual relacionada ao glaucoma é a elevação da pressão intraocular (PIO) e vários estudos mostraram que a redução da pressão intraocular diminui o risco de progressão do glaucoma. Atualmente, uma nova classe de drogas hipotensoras foi desenvolvida e tem sido cada vez mais estudada, os inibidores da Rho-Kinase. Essas drogas reduzem a pressão intraocular aumentando a drenagem de humor aquoso através da via de drenagem primária do humor aquoso no olho, a malha trabecular. Além de aumentar o escoamento pela malha trabecular, inibidores da Rho-kinase também aumentam a sobrevivência das células ganglionares retinianas após isquemia e aumentam o fluxo ocular sanguíneo.


Subject(s)
Humans , Glaucoma/drug therapy , Intraocular Pressure/drug effects , rho-Associated Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Aqueous Humor/drug effects , Reproducibility of Results , Risk Factors
5.
Indian J Ophthalmol ; 2008 Sep-Oct; 56(5): 399-402
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-70794

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To study the efficacy of adding vancomycin in irrigating solutions, in comparison to topical antibiotic given preoperatively for a day, during phacoemulsification, in reducing the anterior chamber (AC) contamination. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This was a prospective, interventional, hospital-based study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a study involving 400 eyes of 400 paitens, undergoing routine phacoemulsification between January 2004 and June 2006. The patients were non-randomly assigned to two groups: Group 1 included 180 patients, who received topical ciprofloxacin eye-drops (four-hourly) for a day preoperatively and Group 2 included 220 patients, who underwent phacoemulsification with vancomycin (20 microg/ml) in the irrigating solution. Anterior chamber aspirate obtained at the end of the surgery was sent for microbial workup. The number of positive cultures in both the groups was determined. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: This was performed using Chi-square test. Results: Aqueous samples showed microbial growth in 38 (21.1%) out of 180 eyes in Group 1 and in 17 (7.7%) out of 220 eyes in Group 2 ( P = 0.001). Coagulase-negative staphylococcus was the most common organism in both the groups. Aqueous samples from four eyes in group 1 showed multiple organisms, while none of the sample from group 2 showed more than one organism. None of the eyes in either group showed fungal contamination. One patient in Group 1 developed endophthalmitis, and the causative organism was Alcaligenes faecalis. All patients were followed up for a minimum of six months (range: 6 to 14 months and mean: 9.3 months). CONCLUSION: Addition of vancomycin in irrigating solutions is more efficacious in reducing AC contamination in comparison to topical antibiotic administered a day preoperatively.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Aqueous Humor/drug effects , Endophthalmitis/microbiology , Eye Infections, Bacterial/microbiology , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Intraoperative Care/methods , Therapeutic Irrigation , Male , Middle Aged , Phacoemulsification/methods , Prospective Studies , Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology , Staphylococcus/isolation & purification , Surgical Wound Infection/microbiology , Treatment Outcome , Vancomycin/administration & dosage
6.
Iranian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2008; 20 (3): 15-18
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-87169

ABSTRACT

To investigate the penetration of cefixime and ciprofloxacin to the rabbit eye on the basis of microbial inhibition of aqueous and vitreous humour after oral administration. In this experimental study, 36 rabbits [72 eyes] were randomly divided into two groups; group A consisted of 20 rabbits and group B 16 rabbits. Each group was divided into four equal subgroups. The rabbits in each subgroup of group A received 4, 8, 12, and 20 mg/kg of syrup of cefixime every 12 hr respectively and the rabbits in each subgroup of group B received 20, 40, 60, and 80 mg/kg tablet of ciprofloxacin respectively every 12 hr. Immediately after the first dose of the drugs, the anterior chamber of one eye was irrigated randomly by 30-40 cc of ringer lactate solution alongside with mild traumatization of iris. Then by 4, 8, 12, 24 and 72 hr intervals after the 3rd dose, 0.1 cc of aqueous, 0.2-0.5 cc of vitreous, 3 cc of blood and one standard disk of the used antibiotic was placed on culture media of a known bacteria which was completely sensitive to the respective antibiotic. Forty eight hours later, the microbial inhibition zone of each sample and the standard disk of antibiotic were compared. No microbial inhibition was seen by sample of aqueous and vitreous, although very large zone of inhibition was seen by blood sample and standard disk of antibiotic. It seems that oral cefixime and ciprofloxacin do not produce an effective dose for microbial inhibition in rabbit eye


Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Aqueous Humor/drug effects , Vitreous Body/drug effects , Cefixime/administration & dosage , Ciprofloxacin/pharmacokinetics , Ciprofloxacin/administration & dosage , Administration, Oral , Anterior Chamber , Culture Media , Eye Infections/drug therapy , Rabbits
7.
Arq. bras. oftalmol ; 70(4): 657-666, jul.-ago. 2007. ilus, graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-461956

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o epitélio ciliar interno (ECI) do corpo ciliar após aplicação de mitomicina C (MMC) sob retalho escleral, em animais tratados com dois tipos de inibidores da produção do humor aquoso. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados ambos os olhos de 16 coelhos divididos em 4 grupos experimentais. Foi realizado retalho escleral em todos os olhos dos animais, mas apenas os olhos direitos (OD) receberam MMC. No grupo 1 (G1) não houve tratamento prévio. Nos grupos G2 e G4 foi administrada acetazolamida e nos grupos G3 e G4 maleato de timolol. O ECI foi examinado à microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET). Os olhos esquerdos formaram os grupos controle. RESULTADOS: Em todos os grupos exceto no G1 OE, foram observadas: retração das células e/ou alargamento entre invaginações, mitocôndrias com rarefação, vesículas claras e corpos densos. A membrana limitante interna estava espessada, descontínua ou descolada em todos grupos exceto G1 OE e G2 OE. Foi observada liberação de material citoplasmático apenas nos grupos tratados com inibidores da produção de humor aquoso. CONCLUSÕES: 1- MMC, acetazolamida e maleato de timolol causaram alterações morfológicas no epitélio ciliar mesmo usados isoladamente. 2- A associação MMC e acetazolamida causou mais alterações do que a acetazolamida isoladamente, mas não mais do que a MMC isoladamente. 3- Nas demais associações as alterações foram semelhantes.


PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of mitomycin C (MMC) on the internal ciliary epithelium (ICE) of the ciliary body of animals treated with two differents aqueous humor supressants. METHODS: The eyes of sixteen Norfolk albino rabbits divided into four experimental groups were studied. The right eyes (RE) of the four groups received 0.1 ml of MMC (0.5 mg/ml) under the scleral flap. The left eyes (LE) was the control group. Group 1 (G1) did not have any other treatment. To Group 2 (G2) and Group 4 (G4) acetazolamide was administered. To Group (G3) and Group 4 (G4) timolol maleate was administered. ICE was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS: The following aspects were observed in all groups, except in G1 LE: cell shrinkage and/or enlargement of intercellular spaces, rarefied mitochondria, clear vesicular structures and electron-dense bodies. The internal limitant membrane showed to be thickened, discontinued and separeted in all groups, except in G1 LE and G2 LE. Discharge of cytoplasmatic material was observed only in the groups treated with aqueous humor supressants. CONCLUSIONS: 1) MMC, acetazolamide and timolol maleate caused morphological alterations in the ciliary epithelium even when used alone. 2) The combination of MMC and acetazolamide caused more alterations than did isolated acetazolamide, but not more than MMC alone. 3) For the other combinations the alterations were similar.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rabbits , Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/toxicity , Aqueous Humor/drug effects , Ciliary Body , Mitomycin/toxicity , Sclera/surgery , Acetazolamide/adverse effects , Acetazolamide/therapeutic use , Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/adverse effects , Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/therapeutic use , Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors/adverse effects , Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Ciliary Body/drug effects , Ciliary Body/ultrastructure , Epithelium/drug effects , Epithelium/ultrastructure , Microscopy, Electron , Models, Animal , Mitomycin/administration & dosage , Random Allocation , Surgical Flaps , Timolol/adverse effects , Timolol/therapeutic use
8.
Arq. bras. oftalmol ; 70(2): 217-220, mar.-abr. 2007. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-453158

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVOS: Comparar a concentração total de proteínas no humor aquoso entre pacientes com glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto e sem glaucoma. MÉTODOS: Foram coletadas amostras de humor aquoso de 22 pacientes com glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto (grupo GPAA) no momento da trabeculectomia. Na coleta, 0,1 mL de humor aquoso foi aspirado da câmara anterior através de uma agulha de calibre 26, no início do procedimento cirúrgico. Coleta semelhante foi realizada em 22 pacientes sem glaucoma no início da cirurgia de catarata (grupo controle). A amostra de humor aquoso foi armazenada a -20°C após a coleta. A concentração total de proteínas no humor aquoso foi determinada por meio de um teste colorimétrico. RESULTADOS: A média geométrica da concentração total de proteínas no humor aquoso foi de 32 mg/dL (amplitude: 8-137 mg/dL) no grupo glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto e de 16 mg/dL (amplitude: 2-85 mg/dL) no grupo controle. A razão da concentração total de proteínas no humor aquoso entre estes dois grupos foi de 2,0 (intervalo de confiança de 95 por cento: 1,3 a 3,2; p=0,003). CONCLUSÕES: A concentração total de proteínas no humor aquoso de pacientes com glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto foi aproximadamente duas vezes maior quando comparada aos pacientes sem glaucoma.


PURPOSE: To compare total protein concentration in the aqueous humor of primary open-angle glaucoma and non-glaucomatous patients. METHODS: Aqueous humor samples were obtained from 22 patients just before trabeculectomy for clinically uncontrolled primary open angle glaucoma (POAG group). Aqueous humor (0.1 mL) was aspirated by inserting a 26-gauge needle into the anterior chamber. The same procedure was performed in 22 non-glaucomatous patients just before cataract surgery (control group). Immediately after collection, the aqueous humor was stored at -20°C. Aqueous humor total protein concentration was determined using a colorimetric assay. RESULTS: The geometric mean of total protein concentration of the aqueous humor samples was 32 mg/dL (range: 8-137 mg/dL) in the primary open angle glaucoma group and 16 mg/dL (range: 2-85 mg/dL) in the control group. The ratio of the protein concentration between the two groups was 2.0 (95 percent confidence interval: 1.3 to 3.2; p=0.003). CONCLUSIONS: The total protein concentration in primary open-angle glaucoma aqueous humor was approximately two times higher than that in non-glaucomatous subjects.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aqueous Humor/chemistry , Eye Proteins/analysis , Glaucoma, Open-Angle/metabolism , Antihypertensive Agents/administration & dosage , Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use , Aqueous Humor/drug effects , Case-Control Studies , Colorimetry , Cataract/therapy , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Glaucoma, Open-Angle/drug therapy , Glaucoma, Open-Angle/surgery , Intraocular Pressure , Preoperative Care , Trabeculectomy , Timolol/administration & dosage , Timolol/therapeutic use
9.
Iranian Journal of Ophthalmic Research. 2006; 1 (2): 106-109
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-77035

ABSTRACT

To determine whether angiotensin II [AT II] levels in aqueous tumor are related to diabetes mellitus and to evaluate the effect of captopril on this level. We also evaluated the correlation between severity of macular edema and captopril use. In a case-control study, aqueous humor samples were obtained at the onset of cataract surgery from 58 eyes of 58 patients, of whom 37 were diabetic. From these latter subjects, 16 had taken captopril [captopril group] for at least six months and 21 had not taken any angiotensin. converting enzyme inhibitor [non-captopril group]. AT II level was assessed by radioimmunoassay. Severity of macular edema was evaluated by clinical examination after surgery. The aqueous level of AT II was significantly higher in diabetic patients [31.0 +/- 7.3 pg/ml] compared to non-diabetics [6.28 +/- 2.8 pg/ml] [Mann Whitney U test, P<0.0001]. In diabetic patients, aqueous concentration of AT II in the captopril group [16.3 +/- 6.5 micro g/ml] was significantly lower than the non-captopril group [75.73 +/- 9.36 micro g/ml] [Mann Whitney U test, P<0.0003]. The severity of macular edema was significantly less in the captopril group compared to the non-captopril group: 68.75% of the captopril group vs 33.3% of the non-captopril group had no macular edema [P<0.005]. These findings suggest that the aqueous level of AT II is higher in diabetic eyes and is correlated with the severity of diabetic macular edema. Considering the possible role of AT II in the pathogenesis of diabetic macular edema, modulation of the ocular renin-angiotensin system may become an important target for its treatment


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Angiotensin II/drug effects , Aqueous Humor/drug effects , Macular Edema , Case-Control Studies , Macula Lutea , Diabetes Mellitus
10.
Bina Journal of Ophthalmology. 2005; 11 (3): 301-306
in Persian | IMEMR | ID: emr-70069

ABSTRACT

To determine whether angiotensin II levels in aqueous humor is related to diabetes mellitus and to evaluate the effect of captopril. In a case-control study, aqueous humor samples were obtained during cataract surgery from 58 eyes of 58 patients, of which 37 were diabetic. From these latter subjects, 16 had taken captopril [captopril group] and 21 had not taken nay angiotensin converting enzyme [ACE] inhibitor [non-captopril group]. Angiotensin level was assessed by radimmunoassay. Severity of macular edema was evaluated by clinical examination after surgery. Mann Whitey U test was used to assess the statistical difference of mean angiotensin II and Hb AIIC levels between the groups and Spearman's rank-order correlation coefficient was used to evaluate correlation between aqueous levels of angiotensin II and of macular edema. The aqueous levels of angiotensin II was significantly higher in diabetic patients [31.0 +/- 7.3 pg/ml] compared to non-diabetics [6.28 +/- 2.8 pg/ml]. [P<0.0001] Aqueous concentration of angiotensin II in the captopril group [16.3 +/- 6.5 ug/ml] was significantly lower than in the non-captopril group [75.73 +/- 9.36]. [P<0.0003] Severity of macular edema was significantly lower in the captopril group as compared to the non-captopril group such that 68.75% of the captopril groups vs 33.3% of the non-captopril group had macular edema [P<0.005]. These finding suggest that the aqueous level of angiotensin II is significantly correlated with the severity of macular edema and may have a role in pathogenesis of macular edema in diabetic patients. It seems that modulation of the rennin-angiotensin system may become a very important target for medical treatment in patients with diabetic macular edema


Subject(s)
Humans , Angiotensin II/drug effects , Angiotensin II/supply & distribution , Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy , Aqueous Humor/analysis , Aqueous Humor/drug effects , Macular Edema/prevention & control , Diabetes Complications/prevention & control , Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors , Renin-Angiotensin System
11.
Arch. chil. oftalmol ; 56(2): 37-46, 1999. ilus, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-274671

ABSTRACT

Propósito: examinar la capacidad del ácido lipoteicoico (ALT) para inducir inflamación intraocular en ratas. Métodos: ALT obtenidos de Staphylococcus aureus y de tres diferentes especies estreptocócicas fueron disueltos en solución salina a distintas concentraciones e inyectados en el cojinete de una pata de ratas Lewis hembras. El efecto inflamatorio intraocular fue evaluado por medio de métodos clínicos e histológicos y la intensidad de la inflamación en la cámara anterior (CA) fue evaluada por medio de la determinaión de la concentración de proteínas y densidad de células en el humor acuoso (HA). Finalmente, posibles mediadores inflamatorios intraoculares de la enfermedad fueron evaluados a través de la determinación semicuantitativa de ácido ribonucleico mensajero (ARNm) de un panel de citoquinas. Resultados: ALT de S. aureus indujo una intensa inflamación intraocular 24-30 horas después de su inyección. La reacción inflamatoria se indujo de un modo dosis dependiente. A una dosis de 15 mg/kg de ALT, la concentración de proteínas y recuento de células en HA fueron 5,6 ñ 0,5 mg/ml y 4075 ñ 1193 células/µl respectivamente. Después de la inyección de ALT de origen estreptocócico no se detectaron células en la CA, mientras que la concentración de proteínas se elevó 2-3 veces comparada con el grupo control


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology , Uveitis/chemically induced , Aqueous Humor/drug effects , Gene Expression , Eye/pathology , Staphylococcus aureus , Uveitis/metabolism
13.
Arch. chil. oftalmol ; 54(2): 83-92, 1997. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-229093

ABSTRACT

Recordemos que el epitelio ciliar consta de dos cepas de células, pigmentadas y no pigmentadas; nuestro concepto es que existe un Sincitium funcional (recordemos que el Sincitium se define como citoplasma con varios núcleos sin límites celulares definidos), esto se refiere a que la membrana basal lateral de las células pigmentadas tiene todos los transportadores que necesita para llevar hacia arriba el cloruro de sodio y luego en consecuencia el agua. Esta membrana tiene el importante intercambio de Na + - K + y obviamente tiene un canal de cloruro y también una etapa de salida de bicarbonato. Nosotros pensamos que esta etapa de salida también puede ser modulada por los inhibidores de la anhidrasa carbónica. Recientemente se mostró en imágenes de video que este concepto es verdadero en el epitelio completo donde ambas cepas de células están juntas; se demostró que los electrolitos son llevados hacia arriba, al interior de la célula, desde las pigmentadas hacia las no pigmentadas y en ellas a la etapa de salida. Por lo tanto hemos visto como el mecanismo del humor acuoso es muy complejo, su secreción comprende apareamiento de transportadores y canales entre células pigmentadas y no pigmentadas y las dos capas de células son funcionalmente una, un Sincitium. Es importante el flujo constante del humor acuoso a través de las cámaras del ojo para una función visual normal. Es necesario un globo ocular formado por una presión intraocular adecuada para mantener la eficacia óptica. Además, el humor acuoso aporta los sustratos necesarios para la función metabólica normal de los tejidos oculares avasculares a los cuales bañan particularmente cristalino, córnea y red trabecular; este flujo de humor acuoso se encarga además de remover los desperdicios metabólicos. Es también un medio para que el iris responda a la luz...


Subject(s)
Humans , Aqueous Humor/drug effects , Aqueous Humor/metabolism , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/pharmacokinetics , Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacokinetics , Aqueous Humor/chemistry , Epinephrine/pharmacokinetics , Glaucoma/physiopathology , Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Pigment Epithelium of Eye/drug effects
16.
Arq. bras. oftalmol ; 58(2): 115-20, abr. 1995. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-169875

ABSTRACT

Vários trabalhos na literatura associam o uso de maleato de timolol ao aumento da concentraçäo protéica do humor aquoso. Este estudo visa demonstrar o aumento da concentraçäo protéica através da laser flare fotometria, comparar duas medicaçöes beta-bloqueadoras (maleato de timolol e cloridato de betaxolol) em relaçäo a este aumento em 21 voluntários normais e 11 pacientes com glaucoma crônico simples, e associar a variaçäo do flare à variaçäo pressórica ocasionada pela medicaçäo. O estudo foi realizado antes e duas horas após a instilaçäo de uma gota de timolol 0,5 por cento no olho direito e uma gota de betaxolol 0,5 por cento no olho esquerdo. Os resultados demonstraram que, para o grupo de voluntários normais, tanto o timolol quanto o betaxolol aumentaram significativamente o flare näo foi significante em duas horas com nenhuma medicaçäo nos dois grupos, o timolol aumentou mais o flare em normais do que em glaucomatosos (p<0,05) enquanto o betaxolol näo apresentou diferença para os dois grupos. Näo foi possível associar as variaçöes do flare e da pressäo intra-ocular


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Aqueous Humor/drug effects , Betaxolol/pharmacology , Glaucoma/drug therapy , Photometry , Ophthalmic Solutions/analysis , Timolol/pharmacology
17.
Rev. bras. oftalmol ; 53(6): 81-8, dez. 1994. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-148537

ABSTRACT

Os óligo-elementos, embora presentes em quantidades diminutas no organismo, säo de extrema importância para a vida. O zinco é o segundo óligo-elemento mais abundante do corpo humano, sendo essencial para o desenvolvimento normal dos seres vivos. É componente necessário e integrante da anidrase carbônica, que constitui uma metaloenzima que se encontra em várias formas de isoenzima no corp. Nos processos ciliares de olhos humanos, ela é quase inteiramente pura; mediante a sua inibiçäo, consegue-se, provadamente pela filtraçäo da parede capilar, reduzir a produçäo do humor aquosos e, consequentemente, da pressäo ocular. Entre os inibidores da anidrase carbônica está a diclorfenamida, sendo uma sulfonamida comercializada em nosso meio, somente para uso oral. Este trabalho visou testar o efeito da diclorfenamida sobre o zinco do humor aquoso e do sangue, supondo-se uma interferência do zinco no controle da pressäo ocular; para isto foram estudados, em dezenove cäes, trinta e oito olhos, sendo que para cada cäo, um olho foi controle do outro


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Aqueous Humor/drug effects , Blood/chemistry , Blood/physiology , Trace Elements/adverse effects , Zinc , Aqueous Humor/chemistry , Aqueous Humor/physiology , Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Intraocular Pressure/physiology
18.
Arq. bras. oftalmol ; 57(1): 56, 59-61, fev. 1994. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-280042

ABSTRACT

A variaçäo do flare doi estudada antes e 2 horas após a instilaçäo de 1 gota de timolol 0,5 por cento, pilocarpina 2 por cento e betaxolol 0,5 por cento em 26 voluntários, pela laser flare fotometria. Pilocarpina e timolol aumentaram as medidas do flare em média 143,7 por cento e 81,6 por cento acima dos valores iniciais, respectivamente para o primeiro grupo estudado (6 voluntários, 12 olhos). A diferença foi estatisticamente significante (P<0,05). Timolol e betaxolol aumentaram o flare respectivamente em 78,2 por cento e 33,2 por cento acima das leituras iniciais em média, para o segundo grupo estudado (20 voluntários, 40 olhos). Betaxolol induziu um aumento significativamente menor do flare quando comparado a pilocarpina e ao timolol (P<0.0l).


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aqueous Humor/drug effects , Betaxolol/therapeutic use , Photometry , Photometry/instrumentation , Pilocarpine/therapeutic use , Timolol/therapeutic use
19.
Carta med. A.I.S. Boliv ; 5(1): 13-5, 1991. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-169994

ABSTRACT

Un uso inadecuado e indiscriminado en forma topica y con menor frecuencia en forma sistemica de esteroides, puede levar la presion intraocular en personas, con predisposicion genetica o con factores de riesgo, simulando un Glaucoma Primario de Angulo abierto, que se presenta con mayor facilidad enpacientes con antecedentes anormales de Humor Acuoso. Diagnosticado el Glaucoma o la elevacion de la Presion Intraocular, debera suspenderse de inmediato la administracion o aplicacion de esteroides y recurir a un tratamiento medico, caso contrario a uno quirurgico. Es por eso que es de vital importancia tomar medidas preventivas para el uso adecuado y racional de estos farmacos


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Glaucoma, Open-Angle/etiology , Glaucoma/etiology , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/adverse effects , Aqueous Humor/drug effects , Ocular Hypertension/complications
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